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英語語法詳解 --ed分詞（五）
二、-ING分詞與-ED分詞的區(qū)別雖然在語法功能上，-ED分詞在句子中所能承擔(dān)的成分基本與-ING分詞相同，但在意義上兩者有差別：-ING分詞表示主動的意義，而-ED分詞則表示被動的意義；-ING分詞表示一般性的或正在進(jìn)行的動作，而-ED分詞則表示已經(jīng)完成和被動的動作。在表現(xiàn)形式上，-ING分詞有"一般式"和"完成式"與"主動式"和"被動式"之分；而-ED分詞只有一種形式。下邊我們分析-ING分詞與-ED分詞在語法功用上的區(qū)別。
1. 作表語時，-ING分詞表示主語所具有的特征而-ED分詞表示主語所處的狀態(tài)
The book is quite interesting. I am insteredted in the book very much.
The play is more exciting than any I have
ever seen. That piece of land lay deserted.
2. 作狀語時-ING分詞表示主語正在進(jìn)行的另一動作而-ED分詞則表示主語發(fā)生動作的背景或情況
11) In his movies，W. C. Fields was always at war with the world， .
�。跘］ battling both people and objects
�。跙］ both people and objects were battled
�。跜］ he was battling both people and objects
�。跠］ both people and objects that were battled
13) Having been served lunch， .
�。跘］ the problem was discussed by the members of the committee
�。跙］ the committee members discussed the problem
［C］ it was discussed by the committee members the problem
�。跠］ a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee
12) for her anthropological research，Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.
�。跘］ She is noted primarily
�。跙］ Noted primarily
［C］ Primarily is noted
�。跠］ She primarily noted
14) Considered one of the leading poets in America today， .
�。跘］ a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez
�。跙］ Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays
［C］ a number of Sonia Sanchez's books and plays have been written
�。跠］ there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez
3. ①作定語時，-ING分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動作，而-ED分詞表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前；②-ING分詞表示它所修飾的詞經(jīng)常或當(dāng)時的狀態(tài)，而-ED分詞則沒有時間性；③-ING分詞表示主動，而-ED分詞表示被動
15) The boiled ［A］ point of any liquid ［B］ is determined ［C］ by the pressure ［D］ of the surrounding gases.
16) High-grade ［A］ written ［B］ paper is frequently ［C］ obtained ［D］ from cotton rags.
17) Scientists ［A］ still cannot find ［B］ any convinced ［C］ link between intelligence ［D］ and the quantity or quality of brain cells.
4. 但少數(shù)幾個動詞的-ED分詞，有兩種形式而且在意義上有差別，如：bear的-ED分詞有born和borne之分，前者只用于"出生"的意義，而后者用于"負(fù)擔(dān)"，"負(fù)荷"，"承擔(dān)"和"傳送"之意
I was born in 1966.
His borne responsibility to the whole workers of the factory is really great.
再如：hang的-ED分詞也有兩種，一是hung,另一形式是hanged, 前者表示"懸掛"，后者表示"吊死，絞死"。strike的-ED分詞也有兩種：struck和striken, 前者有"打擊""沖擊""感動"等義，而striken只用作形容詞，表示"受折磨"之意。
來自及物動詞的-ED分詞所表示的是被動意義；來自不及物動詞的-ED分詞則可表示主動和完成的意義：fallen leaves (落葉)，a full-blown rose (盛開的玫瑰), escaped prinsoners(逃犯), the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun.
三、例題解析
1) A為正確答案。(一般性的動作。) 2) A為正確答案。(連續(xù)的動作。)
3) D錯。 改為harvesting(抽象的動作)。 4) A為正確答案。(已完成的動作。)
5) C錯。 改為to be interviewed(將要發(fā)生的動作)。 6) C錯。改為to kill(不定或未來動作)。
7) D為正確答案。(過去經(jīng)�；蚩偸歉伞�) 8) A為正確答案。(習(xí)慣于……used是形容詞)
9) A錯。改為jog。(表示過去經(jīng)�；蚩偸歉伞�) 10) A為正確答案。 11) A為正確答案。
12) B為正確答案。本句是由-ED分詞"noted"引導(dǎo)的-ED結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中說明主句謂語的背景。
13) B為正確答案。 14) B為正確答案。-ED分詞"considered"的邏輯主語應(yīng)為人，除B外的其他選項(xiàng)都無法和空白前-ED結(jié)構(gòu)在邏輯主語上一致。
15) A錯。改為boiling。-ED分詞含有完成和被動的意思，-ING分詞則表示主動、進(jìn)行，也可用作前置定語表示性狀、用途。如："boiling water(water which is boiling.)"意思是"開水"，意即"正在開著的水"，而"boiled water(water which has been boiled.)"雖也可譯為"開水"，但表示"已開過了的水(現(xiàn)在可能涼了)。"本句A處應(yīng)改為boiling，"boiling point"意思是"沸點(diǎn)"。
16) B錯。改用"writing"，"writing paper"意為"寫字的紙，信紙"，-ING分詞"writing"表用途。與此類似的還有"swimming pool"(游泳池) ，"sleeping car"(臥鋪) 。"written"含有完成和被動意味，不合上下文。
17) C錯。改為"convincing"。"令人信服的聯(lián)系"應(yīng)為"convincing link"，"con
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