關(guān)于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全
動(dòng)詞的種類
動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞,按其詞義和在句子中的作用可分為行為動(dòng)詞,連系動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
1.行為動(dòng)詞
行為動(dòng)詞可分為及物動(dòng)詞 (vt)和不及物動(dòng)詞(vi),及物動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),有完整的詞義,能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),后跟賓語(yǔ);不及物動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),有完整的詞義,能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),但后面不能直接跟賓語(yǔ),如要帶賓語(yǔ)則與介詞或副詞構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)。
如:
More and more people study English.(vt)
The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
2.連系動(dòng)詞
連系動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),必須與表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。常用的連系動(dòng)詞有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。
如:
Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
It feels damp.
3.助動(dòng)詞
助動(dòng)詞本身無(wú)詞義,不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,表示否定,疑問及動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)等語(yǔ)法特征,助動(dòng)詞有 be,do,have,shall,will等。
如:
How do you usually come to school?
The children are playing yo-yo now.
4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有一定的意義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~原形一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ),表示說話人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。
如:
Can I help you?
- Must we go now? -No, you needn't .
a. can與be able to的用法有所區(qū)別。can只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí),指本身有能力的"能";be able to用于各種時(shí)態(tài)均可,指須經(jīng)過努力而"能"。
b. must與have/has to的用法。must表示說話人主觀認(rèn)為"必須",只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般將來時(shí);have/has to表示客觀需要,意為"不得不",它可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。
c.need和dare既可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也可作行為動(dòng)詞。
動(dòng)詞不定式的形式
1.作主語(yǔ)。 如:
To learn English is very important.
但實(shí)際上不定式作主語(yǔ)常用 it來作形式主語(yǔ),而將不定式移至謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后作真正的主語(yǔ)。
如上句可表達(dá)為:
It's very important to learn English.
2.作表語(yǔ)。 如:
My idea is to ring him up at once.
3.作賓語(yǔ)。 如:
I have decided to go to Binjiang Primary School.
4.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
a. ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow等動(dòng)詞后面接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
如: The policemen asked him to get off the bus.
b. hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等動(dòng)詞后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
如: We often see Miss Li clean the classroom.
c. let, make, have這些使役動(dòng)詞后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中這些不帶to的都須帶上to。
如: In those days the bosses often made the workers work day and night.
d.動(dòng)詞help接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),可帶to也可不帶to。
如: Can you help me (to) carry the heavy bag?
5.作定語(yǔ)。
a.與被修飾詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如:I have something important to tell you.但如果不定式動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞,后面的介詞千萬(wàn)不要省略。
如: Maybe they have three rooms to live in.
b.與被修飾詞有主謂關(guān)系。
如: Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave.
c.與被修飾之間只有修飾關(guān)系。
如: I have no time to play cards.
6.作狀語(yǔ),表示目的、原因、方法、方向、結(jié)果等。
如: I'll go to meet my friend at the railway station.
7.不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)"for sb. to do sth" 作主語(yǔ)時(shí),常用"It is +adj+ for
of sb. to do sth"的句式。形容詞good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, ice, clever,
right, wrong, careful等用"It is +adj +of sb. to do sth."
其他形容詞用 for。
如:
It's dangerous for you to ride so fast.
It's very kind of you to help me.
8.動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問句who, what, which, when, how, where, whether等連用。
如: I don't know when to start.
He didn't tell me where to go.
但上面結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)從句,故上述句子也可表達(dá)為:
I don't know when we'll start.
He didn't tell me where he would go.
注意:
a.有些動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)不能帶不定式,只能接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。
如: enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss(錯(cuò)過),be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, practise等。
如: The peasants are busy picking apples.
Would you mind my opening the door?
b.有些動(dòng)詞后可接不定式,也可接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式,但意思不同。
如: Lu Jian forgot to post the letter.(該寄但還沒做)
Lu Jian forgot posting the letter.(已經(jīng)寄過信了)
They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作)
They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作)
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