英語語法講義

　　主謂一致之一

　　主謂一致的問題看上去似乎很簡單，其實使用起來卻不是那么容易，有時候甚至很復(fù)雜。

　　這是因為在不同情況下，處理這一問題所依據(jù)的原則各不相同。就其在現(xiàn)代語法中的基本原則而言，通常有三個不同角度的著眼點：1、語法一致 2、意義一致 3、就近原則。

　　主謂一致的原則是指，主語和謂語從語法形式上取得一致：主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語也采取單數(shù)形式；主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語亦采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

　　A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.

　　（主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語也采取單數(shù)形式）

　　語法書幫助你學(xué)習(xí)語言的某些規(guī)則。

　　Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.

　�。ㄖ髡Z是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式）

　　語法書幫助你學(xué)習(xí)語言的某些規(guī)則。

　　主語和謂語從語法形式上取得一致的問題遠(yuǎn)不只上述的那么簡單，有許多方面的情況需要去具體地對待：

　　#不定式、動名詞、以及從句作主語時應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：

　　Reading often means learning .讀書常意味是學(xué)習(xí)。

　　To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗讀英語有許多好處。

　　What he said has been recorded .他說的話已被錄音了。

　　##不定代詞one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主語或是修飾主語時應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：

　　Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中沒人喜歡運動。

　　Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.許多學(xué)生晚飯后常在校園里散步。

　　Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .每個男孩和女孩對課外活動都表現(xiàn)出很大的興趣。

　　### 表示國家、機構(gòu)、事件、作品等名稱的專有名詞作主語時應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：

　　One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .

　　《一千零一夜》給人們講了許多神秘的民間傳說。

　　The United States is leading the world in science and technology .

　　美國常在世界科技方面領(lǐng)先。

　　The United Nations play an important role in the international affairs .

　　聯(lián)合國在國際事務(wù)中起著重要作用。

　　#### a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等與名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語作主語時應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：

　　A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技產(chǎn)品已在展覽上展出。

　　The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.

　　近來一些書籍里印刷錯誤的數(shù)量讓人吃驚得要命。

　　A substantial portion of the reports is missing .這些報告都沒有提及實質(zhì)問題。

　　A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.這座花園里有一種玫瑰香氣怡人。

　　##### 由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等詞修飾主語、或是由它們自身作主語時應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。另外，由and連接兩個主語時，謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：

　　On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海邊，有些人在打排球，有些人躺著曬太陽。

　　Both of us are fond of watching football games .我們倆都喜歡看足球賽。

　　A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 許多即將畢業(yè)的學(xué)生打算自愿去中國西部工作。

　　###### 有些短語，如：a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可數(shù)名詞、或是單數(shù)形式的名詞作主語時應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；但如果后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語時應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：

　　A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突然斷電時，那家商店丟失了許多錢。

　　A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.

　　最近出版了許多關(guān)于投資基金的書籍。

　　意義一致( Notional Concord )

　　這一原則是指，從意義著眼來解決主謂一致問題。有時主語形式上為單數(shù)，但意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語依意義也用復(fù)數(shù)形式；而有時主語形式上為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義上卻是單數(shù)，那么謂語依意義亦用單數(shù)形式。

　　1） 當(dāng)主語后面接由as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引導(dǎo)的詞組時，其謂語動詞的形式要依主語的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。在這樣的句子里，這些詞所引導(dǎo)的詞組不影響主語自身的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式，它們在句子里其實是狀語。也就是說，我們完全可以將這些詞組搬到句首或是放到句末去。從表面上我們也可以看出，它們與主語之間有"，"隔開。例如：

　　Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price.

　　最近石油和燃料煤氣的價格上漲了。

　　The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老師打算這個周末與學(xué)生們一起去野炊。

　　The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.學(xué)生們打算這個周末與他們的老師一起去野炊。

　　The warehouse, with all its stockings, was burned last night.

　　昨晚，那個倉庫連同其所有的貨物一起被燒毀了。

　　我們完全可以將上面句子中的那些詞組都分別搬到句首或是放到句末去，因為它們在句子里是狀語：

　　Petroleum has recently risen in price, along with fuel gas.

　　Along with fuel gas, petroleum has recently risen in price.

　　The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.

　　As well as the suitcase, the missing things have been found and returned to the owner.

　　The missing things have been found and returned to the owner, as well as the suitcase.

　　2) 表示時間、金錢、距離、體積、重量、面積、數(shù)字等詞語作主語時，其意義若是指總量應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；但如果其意義是指"有多少數(shù)量"則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語動詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：

　　Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.

　　人們常大約地將四個星期看成一個月。

　　Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life.

　　二十年在人的一生里意味著一個很長的時期。

　　Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.八十塊錢給一個

　　高中英語語法-高中英語語法重點難點回顧之三

　　高中英語語法重點難點回顧之三

　　little,no,some, 等修飾。

　　I have read all the book (that) you gave me.

　　4)先行詞被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修飾時。

　　He is the only person that I want to talk to.

　　5)先行詞既有人又有物時。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.

　　先行詞是表示地點時,要根據(jù)從句的謂語動詞是及物的還是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which),否則用where。

　　This is the house where he lived last year.

　　This is the house that (which) he visited last year.

　　用no sooner…than和hardly…when引導(dǎo)的從句表示“剛……就……”。主句中的動詞一般用過去完成時,從句用過去時;而且主句一般倒裝,把助動詞had提到前面。例如：Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.

　　代詞作主語時,主謂語序不變。Here it is. Here he comes.

　　當(dāng)句首狀語為表示地點的介詞詞組時也常常引起全部倒裝。

　　South of the city lies a big steel factory.

　　From the valley came a frightening sound.

　　表語置于句首時,倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語+連系動詞+主語”。

　　Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.

　　Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.

　　Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.

　　He has been to Beijing. So have I.

　　Li Wei can’t answer the question. Neither can I.

　　部分倒裝

　　用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語從句。Had you reviewed your lessons,you might have passed the examination.

　　3.用于“形容詞(或名詞、動詞)+as(though)引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中。例如：Pretty as she is ,she is not clever.

　　Try as he would, he might fail again.

　　如果從句的表語是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。

　　Child as he was, he had to make a living.

　　用于no sooner…than…,hardly…when和not until的句型中。Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.

　　用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely, barely, little,often,at no time,not only,not once等詞開頭的句子。

　　Never shall I do this again.

　　Little did he know who the woman was.

　　6.用于以only開頭的句子(only修飾副詞,介詞短語或狀語從句時)。Only this afternoon did I finish the novel.

　　Only in this way can you master English.

　　Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.

　　如果only后面的詞組不是狀語,則不用倒裝。

　　Only Wang Ling knows this.

　　用于某些表示祝愿的句子。May you succeed!祝你成功!

　　stomach－stomachs，a German－three Germans,

　　an American－two Americans，man cook - men cooks;

　　papers 報紙, 文件 manners禮貌 drinks飲料

　　in a word 簡言之?in other words 換句話說

　　have words with 與某人吵嘴

　　have a few words (a word) with sb.與某人說幾句話

　　The crowd were running for their lives．

　　某些集體名詞, 如people, police, cattle等, 只當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待, 謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。The police are searching for him.

　　高中英語語法-高中英語語法重點難點回顧之二

　　高中英語語法重點難點回顧之二

　　d that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.

　　He demanded that we (should) start right away.

　　作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句,其謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)＋動詞原形”。例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.

　　My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.

　　在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等詞后的補足語中,不定式不帶to。但是這些句子如果變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,就必須帶to。例如：I often hear him sing the song.

　　He is often heard to sing the song.

　　注意：不定式動詞在介詞but, except, besides后面時,如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to.如：

　　She could do nothing but cry.

　　What do you like to do besides swim?

　　I have no choice but to go.

　　作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。例如：He is looking for a room to live in.

　　There is nothing to worry about.

　　Please give me a knife to cut with.

　　There / It is no use/ good/ not any use/ good/ useless doing sth.

　　動詞后可以用動名詞作賓語,但不能用不定式:

　　admit,appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention,mind,miss,practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t stand(無法忍受)等。

　　I tried not to go there.(我設(shè)法不去那里。)

　　I tried doing it again.(我試著又干了一次。)]

　　mean to do 有意... mean doing意味著...

　　I mean to come early today.(我打算今天早些來。)

　　Missing the train means waiting for another hour.

　　(誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個小時。)

　　allow, advise, forbid, permit

　　We don’t allow smoking here. We don’t allow students to smoke.

　　動詞need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟動詞作它的賓語時,若表示的含義是被動的,必須用動名詞,或不定式的被動式。例如：

　　The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).

　　在短語devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, object to,thank you for, excuse me for 等后的動詞也必須用動名詞形式：I look forward to hearing from you soon.

　　Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因)

　　Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.

　　(原因,強調(diào)寫的過程,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式)

　　Having been deserted by his guide, he couldn’t find his way through the jungle.(為了強調(diào)已完成的動作)

　　Asked to stay, I couldn’t very well refuse.

　　這里 asked 可能意味著 having been asked, 也可能意味著when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不會有歧義。

　　下面句中過去分詞表示的時間與謂語動詞所表示的時間相同，所以不能代之以強調(diào)先于謂語動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式。例如：

　　Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地離開了房間。

　　United, we stand; divided, we fall. 團結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。

　　He used to live in London, use(d)n’t he /didn’t he?

　　There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)n’t there /didn’t there?

　　Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?

　　He ought to be punished, oughtn’t he?

　　但在正式文體中,用ought we not形式。例如:

　　We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go ,should we not?

　　含有情態(tài)動詞must的句子表示推則,作“想必”解時,疑問部分不可用mustn’t。若前句強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在情況的推測,疑問部分用aren’t(isn’t)十主語,例如：You must be tired,aren’t you?若陳述部分的must表示“有必要”時,附加疑問句部分則用needn’t。例如：You must go home right now, needn’t you?

　　當(dāng)mustn’t 表示禁止時,附加疑問部分一般用must。如：

　　You mustn’t walk on grass, must you?

　　前句謂語動詞是must have＋過去分詞時,若前句強調(diào)對過去情況的推測(一般有過去時間狀語),疑問部分的謂語動詞用didn’t＋主語;若前句強調(diào)動作的完成,疑問部分的謂語動詞用haven’t(hasn’t)＋主語, 例如：

　　He must have met her yesterday, didn’t he?

　　You must have seen the film, haven’t you?

　　陳述句謂語部分出現(xiàn)否定詞綴時(前綴或后綴),疑問部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:He is unfit for his office, isn’t he?

　　如果陳述部分包含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little,nowhere, nothing等否定或半否定詞時,疑問部分用肯定形式。例如：He is hardly 14 years old,is he?

　　如果陳述部分的主語為everyone,someone,no one等不定代詞,其疑問部分的主語可用he,也可用they。

　　Everyone knows his job, doesn’t he?

　　Everyone knows their job,don’t they?

　　No one was hurt,were they?

　　I’m late, aren’t I?

　　One can’t be too careful,can one(you)?

　　Have a cup of tea, will you?

　　Let’s go there,shall we? Let us go there,will you?

　　同位語從句跟在名詞后面,進一步說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的名詞主要有fact, news, promise, idea, truth等。連接詞用that (不用which)及連接副詞how, when, where, why等。例如：

　　His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.

　　The news that our team has won the match is true.

　　She asked the reason why there was a delay.

　　關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情況如下:

　　A)在表語從句和同位語從句中。例如：

　　The question is whether the film is worth seeing.

　　The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.

　　B)在主語從句中,只有用it作形式主語時,whether和if都能引導(dǎo)主語從句,否則,也只能用whether。例如：

　　Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.

　　It hasn’t been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.

　　C)在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略)例如：

　　It all depends (on) whether they will support us.

　　D)后面直接跟動詞不定式時。

　　He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.

　　E)后面緊接or not 時。

　　We didn’t know whether or not she was ready.

　　F)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,只能用whether。

　　Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.

　　G)用if會引起歧義時。例如：Please let me know if you like it.

　　該句有兩個意思：“請告訴我你是否喜歡”。

　　或“如果你喜歡,請告訴我�！庇昧藈hether就可以避免。

　　在下面幾種情況下必須用“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句：

　　1)先行詞是不定代詞：all,few,little, much,something,nothing,anything等。All that we have to do is to practise every day.

　　2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾。

　　The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.

　　3)先行詞被all,any,every, each, few,

　　高中英語語法-高中英語語法重點難點回顧之一

　　高中英語語法重點難點回顧之一

　　主謂一致�？茧y題：

　　Five minutes is enough to do this exercise．

　　Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future．

　　More than one student has seen the film.

　　Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.

　　More members than one are against your plan.

　　一些有兩個部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時, 謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式：glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。

　　但如果主語用a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名詞構(gòu)成時, 謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。A pair of shoes was on the desk．

　　并列主語如果指的是同一個人、同一事物或同一概念時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式, 這時and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。例如:

　　Truth and honesty is the best policy．

　　The girl’s teacher and friend is a young doctor．

　　To love and to be loved is the great happiness.

　　Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.

　　A knife and fork is on the table.

　　當(dāng)主語后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時, 其謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如:

　　The teacher as well as the students was excited．

　　The room with its furniture was rented．

　　A (great) number of修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù); a great deal of,a large amount of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

　　關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等在定語從句中作主語時, 其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如:

　　Those who want to go please sign your names here．

　　Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun．

　　季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐、學(xué)科名稱，球類、棋類名詞名稱前一般不加冠詞。

　　1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter

　　形容詞的順序：

　　系動詞be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain限定詞+數(shù)量形容詞(序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+新舊+顏色+國藉+材料

　　Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table

　　某些以a-開首的形容詞例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake, alive 等只能作表語,不能作定語。

　　某些以-ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞：friendly，lively， lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely等。

　　1)close接近地 closely仔細(xì)地，密切地

　　2)free 免費地 freely自由地,無拘束地

　　3)hard努力地 hardly幾乎不

　　4)late 晚，遲 lately 近來

　　5)most 極,非常 mostly主要地

　　6)wide廣闊地，充分地 widely廣泛地

　　7)high高 highly高度地，非常地

　　8)deep深，遲 deeply抽象意義的“深”

　　9)loud大聲地 loudly大聲地(含有喧鬧的意思)

　　10)near鄰近 nearly幾乎

　　bad/ill,badly worse worst little less least

　　表示一方不及另一方時，用“l(fā)ess＋原級＋than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示：This room is less beautiful than that one．

　　表示一方超過另一方的程度或數(shù)量時，可在比較級前加表示程度的狀語，如：even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far, yet, by far等修飾：He works even harder than before．

　　注意:by far 通常用于強調(diào)最高級。用于比較級時,一般放在比較級的后面, 如放在前面,應(yīng)在二者中間加“the”。

　　He is taller by far than his brother.

　　He is by far the taller of the two brothers.

　　某些以-or結(jié)尾的形容詞進行比較時，用to代替than。superior，junior，senior等。

　　He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics．

　　在比較從句中為了避免重復(fù)通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞，而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞。例如：

　　The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk．

　　A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood．

　　表示倍數(shù)的比較級有如下幾種句型:

　　A is three (four,etc.) times the size (height, length, width,etc) of B.

　　The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.

　　這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大(四倍高)。［高三倍］

　　A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B.

　　Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。

　　A is three (four,etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider) than B.

　　例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.

　　你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。

　　表示兩倍可以用 twice 或 double。

　　表示“最高程度”的形容詞，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，沒有最高級，也不能用比較級。

　　如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有many、few，不可數(shù)名詞前有much、little等表示量的形容詞時，該用so而不用such。如：

　　I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.

　　Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together.

　　但little不表示數(shù)量而表示“小”的意思時,仍用such。如:

　　They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.

　　6)almost與nearly

　　在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。例如：

　　I’m not nearly ready.

　　在any, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。例如：

　　I almost never see her.

　　need 表示“需要”或“必須”,作情態(tài)動詞時,僅用于否定句或疑問句中。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should 代替。例如：

　　You needn’t come so early.

　　Need I finish the work today? －－Yes, you must.

　　注意：needn’t have done“表示本來不必做某事而實際上做了某事”。例如：You needn’t have waited for me.

　　“should have done”表示應(yīng)該做到而實際上沒有做到。

　　You should have started earlier.

　　“ought to have done”表示過去應(yīng)做某事而實際未做。

　　You ought to have helped him (but you didn’t)

　　書報的標(biāo)題,小說等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時。

　　表示感覺,愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動詞如have, be, hear, see, like等詞一般不用進行時。

　　有些動詞形式上是主動結(jié)構(gòu),但表示被動的意思。常見的有可和 well, easily 等副詞連用的不及物動詞sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如：

　　The cloth washes well.這布很經(jīng)洗。

　　The new product sells well.這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。

　　The pen writes well.這支筆很好寫。

　　在動詞 arrange,command, demand, desire,insist, order,propose, request, require, suggest等后面的賓語從句中用“(should)＋ 動詞原形”(虛擬語氣)例如：

　　We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.

　　We insisted that they (should) go with us.

　　The doctor ordere

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